She created the mechanical encyclopedia to reduce the weight of the books that her students had to carry, make studying more appealing, and customize the learning materials to meet the needs of each individual student. Few Hispanic Americans have made a bigger impact in recent pop culture than Lin-Manuel Miranda. These Hispanic inventors, many of which toiled in obscurity have incredible stories that are worth sharing. I am slowly compiling a database thathopefully will provide the basis for more in-depth research on Hispanic inventors and innovators for publications, programs, and exhibitions at the Smithsonian and beyond. Victor Ochoa with his folding wing plane (wings folded), circa 1933. The following year she was the Payload Commander on the Atlantis mission. Read on to find out the 14 coolest things ever invented by kids. Her mechanical book was created decades before Michael Hart's Project Gutenberg and is often referred to as the true inventor of the modern e-book. Transderm-Nitro was soon after approved for angina. Born in Per, Claudio Castilln Lvano was granted U.S. Patent 6,884,211 for a "Neonatal Artificial Bubble" that improves the intensive care of high-risk newborns. Puebla, Mexico. Famous Hispanic Inventors Who Changed The World. Ellen Ochoa. Between 1976 and 1983, he conducted research and taught at the Engineering Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He graduated from the University of Puebla with a BSc and an MSc and moved to the U.S. in 1998 after he was awarded a Fulbright scholarship to attend George Washington University in Washington, DC. He was laid to rest on the grounds of the St. Edward's Catholic Church in Sutton Green, Surrey. By successfully isolating stem cells, Tsukamoto's team opened up a whole realm of possibilities for future medical advancements and cures. Juan Lozano's company Tecnologia Aeroespacial Mexicana sells the Rocket Belt for a hefty price. In 2012, Ochoa became the first Hispanic and second woman to be named Director of NASAs Johnson Space Flight Center in Houston, Texas. The USPTO is currently improving our content to better serve you. Born in Honduras, Elena Nuez was granted U.S. Patent 4,935,254 for a "Banana Flavoring Process" and three other related patents. The creation of norethindrone, a compound obtained from the tortoise plant (dioscorea Mexicana), a wild Mexican yam, was essential to the idea. Dr. Villalobos would combine his highly precise scalpel with a microtome into a new device that enabled researchers to cut very thin slices of tissue, minerals or plant matter to be examined under the microscope. He spent time in both nations during the following years until passing away in Chile in 2003. The field of X-ray optics was greatly expanded after its invention. Mexican and Portuguese-American makeup artist Rea Ann Silva created one of the most iconic beauty tools used today. (2021, July 31). Carlos Finlay became famous for his work in identifying the mosquito as a carrier of the deadly yellow fever germ. The above are but a small yet significant selection of the many Hispanic people making great strides in various aspects of human life. Material in this article is for general information or entertainment purposes only and was accurate as of the date of first publication. Eventually they invented KalamSat: the lightest satellite in the world. It's essentially a 3.8cm-wide cube made from 3D-printed plastic . Find upcoming programs related to IP policy and international affairs. The scientists and inventors listed below have invented Minecraft, GimKit, are kid scientists, scientists they may have seen on social media, and many more! He is the president of Instabook Corporation, based in Gainesville, Florida. Walker (real name Sarah Breedlove), born to formerly enslaved sharecroppers, was orphaned at just seven years old . Artificial Heart. The tool has been applied to the study of such diverse objects as galaxies and live cells. According to the U.S. Patent Office, Claudio Castilln Lvano was granted U.S. Patent 6,884,211 for a "Neonatal Artificial Bubble" that improves the intensive care of high-risk newborns. Their technological inventions have paved the way in the fields of physics, the medical sciences, and music, among others. This includes people who reported detailed Hispanic or Latino groups.". In her second patent, 276,364, granted in 1962, she changed the design by eliminating the buttons and replacing them with rotating reels that displayed the topics and study materials. Often know as Madame C.J. The list below is only a sampling of noted scientists through history and working in STEM fields today. She first became interested in optics while a fellowship student at Stanford University. They were made in hot clay pots, and not in the microwave. Since then Villafaa has continued to be an innovator (with several patents) and a serial entrepreneur, founding another major company, St. Jude Medicalknow for the St. Jude valveas well as ATS Medical and several smaller companies. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer) as we strive to provide site experiences for browsers that support new web standards and security practices. In addition to being a noted physicist, he was also a passionate humanitarian and educator. The development of sign language dates back to the 17th century and has given those with hearing loss the ability to communicate easily. The first time I discovered Dr. Ellen Ochoa (1958-) Mexican-American, who invented Optical Lenses for Space was on Google. It was expanded to its current month-long duration by President Ronald Reagan in 1988. The electric brake. The word kayak means "hunter's boat", as they were originally built for hunting and used to drag animals . He immigrated to the United States in 1884 and . Before being hired at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas as Director of the Artificial Heart Program, he worked in Lyon, France. After having her invention stolen by a man who claimed that there was no way a woman could have invented such a . Born in Guadalajara, Mexico, Gonzalez Camrena received a patent for a chromoscopic adapter for television equipment in 1942. He recently won the prestigious Lemelson-MIT prize and currently works full-time as the CEO of Duolingo. Historically, entrepreneurs have relied on patents to protect their inventions from market competitors. For his invention, Camarena became the first person in history to receive a patent for the development of a color television (U.S. Patent 2,296,019). Walker became the first Black woman millionaire by inventing a line of cosmetics and hair products aimed at Black consumers in the first decades of the 20th century. Source. Her first trip was a nine-day mission in 1993 to conduct atmospheric and solar studies from the space shuttle Discovery, which you can visit at the Smithsonians Udvar-Hazy Center. 7,077,022 on July 18, 2006. This mathematical formula analyzes earthquake tremors' magnitude by analyzing their seismic waves. ", Born in Panam, Alberto P. Herrera and Sebastian A. Vieto were granted U.S. Patent 4,195,080 for "Insecticidal Use of Orange Juice Essence Oil.". If this scenario is a regular occurrence in your household, you have Guillermo Gonzlez Camarena to thank. Eyeglasses. George Washington Carver. It was the first scientific Nobel for a person of Spanish origin. So, with that out of the way, in homage to this month of Hispanic heritage and pride, we have honored some of the many noteworthy Hispanic inventors and engineers. He . The ads feature "Hispanic" sports stars and. On September 20, 1884, after years in the Navy, Peral first had the idea for his "Proyecto de Torpedero Submarino" ("Project for a submarine torpedo-boat"), which he wrote about in a paper. According to their website: Emilio Sacristan of Santa Ursula Xitla, Mexico, invented an air-pressure powered driver for pneumatic ventricular assist device (VAD). Born in Guatemala City, Dr. Luis Von Ahn was granted U.S. Patent 8,555,353 for "Methods and Apparatuses for Controlling Access to Computer Systems and for Annotating Media Files" - or Captcha for distinguishing human from machine input to prevent spam and automated extraction of data from web sites. As part of the Smithsonian's celebration of Hispanic Heritage Month (September 15-October 15), I have enjoyed conducting research on historical and contemporary Hispanic inventors and innovators. He was the first to transmit the human voice via radio waves, sending a signal from one radio tower to another. Born in Los Angeles, California in 1958, Ellen Ochoa is probably the best known example of a successful Hispanic inventor and innovator. Victor Ochoa was the Mexican American inventor of the Ochoaplane. Rea Ann Silva and her now famous invention. President Ronald Reagan expanded it in 1988 to a 30-day period beginning on September 15 and concluding on October 15. Her fascination with the field of optics came during her time as a fellowship student at Stanford University. Though annoying at times, reCAPTCHA helps computers differentiate between robots and human beings, keeping internet users safe from malware and spam. Mousepad. But perhaps most important of all, September is when National Hispanic Heritage Month begins! 6. Bellis, Mary. Hispanic-Americans, both immigrants and their descendants, have changed the world through their contributions to science, industry, the arts, sports, and politics on Earth, obviously, but even beyond. Walker was the first African American woman to become a self-made millionaire after creating a line of hair products geared toward Black hair. Manuel Ussel de Guimbarda/Wikimedia Commons, Spanish engineer and naval officer Isaac Peral y Caballero (1851-1895) is credited with creating an early electrical-powered submarine, the "Peral Submarine.". He spoke withstudents about his development of the AcceleGlovean electronic glove that translates sign language into written and spoken form. Professor Arturo Arias Surez (1923-2003), a civil engineer who taught at the University of Chile, developed a method that made it possible for scientists to calculate the likelihood of damage from a potential earthquake in a specific area. He also supported tele-education for students attending medical school. 10. Norton and Alpha by Kristyna Litten. ", National Science Foundation Director France A. Crdova presenting the fiscal year 2017 NSF budget request on February 9, 2016. (Originally published by VOXXI as "5 influential inventions by Latinos") Hispanic Heritage Month is coming to an end, and here at VOXXI we wanted to salute the great Latino inventors. Allegedly, the idea of the naturally occurring flow system in a waterfall led him to take his diamond scalpel invention and combine it with an ultramicrotome to significantly improve the ultra-thin sectioning of electron microscopy samples. Mary Bellis covered inventions and inventors for ThoughtCo for 18 years. His legacy is lasting, and his inventions are helping humans have a higher quality of life each day. Trademarks are property of their respective owner. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer), trailblazing Hispanic Americans who made history. In addition, he was a journalist, writer, union leader, and political activist. Dr. Liotta developed the organ in 1969 at a hospital in Houston, Texas. Moving on to another impactful inventor is Albert Bez who co-invented an x-ray reflection microscope in 1948. She was looking for a way to allow her students to carry fewer books to and from classes, so she created a mechanical encyclopedia. from Santa Clara University, School of Law. She participated in four NASA missions and spent 978 hours in space. The first incubators were used in France in 1880, but Lvanos design, called the Incuven, regulates temperature and reduces risk of contamination to babies. The first permanent artificial heart was invented in Utahfind out the most famous invention from your state. As a successful medical salesman at Picker International, Villafaa was recruited by Medtronic co-founder Earl Bakken (also featured in Places of Invention) and relocated to Minneapolis, Minnesota. Gonzlez Camarena publicly demonstrated his color television with a transmission on August 31, 1946. As impressive as this was, the submarine's absence of a double hull and a diesel engine only limited its use to coastal actions. Airplane. 1. Abbas ibn Frinas was an Andalusian inventor in the 10th century. You could hone your cooking skills by inviting family and friends over for aHispanic-inspired dinnerparty, host a Spanish movie night, or attend a local event put on by a Hispanic organization. Rounding out our list of famous Hispanic inventors is Argentinian-born Dr. Domingo Liotta, a man regarded as a pioneer in the medical community. After spending his early years in Spain, he enlisted in the Spanish navy in 1866. On February 8, 1963, he was permitted to transmit Paraso Infantil on the station he founded in Mexico City, XHGC-TV, the country's first officially announced color broadcast. When in use, it would adapt black-and-white TVs to color without the need to buy a new set. CAPTCHA stands for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart and was invented in 2000 in part by Guatemalan professor of computer science, Luis Von Ahn. Peral was becoming impatient and felt he was losing control of his invention. Lin-Manuel Miranda. From award-winning astronauts to some of the brilliant botanists of the 21st century, we're celebrating these famous Hispanic scientists who've had a positive impact on their field. A brief listing of notable Black American inventors. Ophthalmologist. For "involuntary reasons" following the military takeover of Chile in 1973, he temporarily moved from Chile to Mexico. Born in Colombia, Miguel Forero was granted U.S. Patent 5,336,562 for "Polyolefin Yarns with Good Performance for Rugs and Carpets and Method of Producing the Same" and U.S. Patent 5,556,684 "Manufacturing Process for Synthetic Fiber Carpets Fixed by Fusion at Regular Intervals with Crests or Tufts, without Using Glues or Using Small Amounts of Glues, where Threads Do not Loosen and thus Obtaining the Carpets.". Domingo Santo Liotta, who was born in Argentina to Italian immigrants in 1924, became a pioneer in heart surgery. He also filed for additional patents for color television systems in 1960 and 1962. Argentinian surgeon Domingo Liotta developed the artificial heart in the late 1950s. Miranda was born in 1980 in the Washington Heights neighborhood of New York City . de Cuadros was granted U.S. 1860s - January 5, 1943. Astronaut Ellen Ochoa, STS-110 Atlantis mission specialist, works the controls of the Canadarm2 robotic arm in the Destiny Laboratory on the International Space Station, April 11, 2002. (1st Hispanic woman to travel to space) Alyssa Carson (@nasablueberry, Projected to go to Mars in 2020) There she developed three optics-related patents, which help computers process information more quickly and efficiently. Born in California, Elena T. Medo has been granted nine U.S. Although Lvano's invention, the Incuven, regulates temperature and lowers the risk of infection for infants, it was not the first ever developed. More than 40 transdermal products with ingredients like nicotine, hormones, painkillers, and antidepressants have received FDA approval. World Book Online is an engaging, verified, and trustworthy digital resource for grades pre-K through high school. Those early . Ruiz received a Spanish patent number of 190,698 in 1949 for devices with buttons that displayed the lesson materials when pressed and engaged. A fury erupted when the Washington Post reported last week that Former Heritage Foundation researcher Jason Richwine argued in his Harvard doctoral dissertation that Hispanics are genetically predisposed to have lower IQs. A native of Venezuela, Dr. Humberto Fernandez-Moran Villalobos invented and patented the diamond scalpel. Check out these everyday things that were actually invented for World War I. Ildaura Murillo-Rohde, PhD, RN (1920-2010): Changing the face of nursing. Palmaz was admitted to the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006. Miramontes wrote a new procedure for the synthesis of the progestin norethindrone, the active ingredient for what would become the oral birth control pill. He studied medicine at the University of Munich, where he received his summa cum laude in 1944. Every day they scavenge around the junkyard for mechanical parts to turn into new inventions. Baez was a Ph.D. student at Stanford University in the 1940s when he and Kirkpatrick developed grazing incidence reflective optics for the examination of living cells. Hispanic inventors have made considerable contributions to science and technology throughout the ages. Two male inventorsCharles Gabriel Pravaz of Scotland and Alexander Wood of Franceindependently created the first fine-needle syringes usable on humans in the early 1850s. File a trademark application and other documents online through TEAS. (1941-) is an engineer and inventor. There he met a lot of children who complained that they couldn't play football. This celebration started as a week-long event in 1968 to honor the culture and contributions of American citizens whose ancestors came from Spain, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. Victor Ochoa invented an early form of electrical brakes. At the ripe old age of 97, Liotta passed away on the 31st of August, 2022. The system's upgraded version, reCAPTCHA, is now used by almost all web servers. Even after his death in 2014, Zaffaronis work continues to live on. Guillermo Gonzalez Camarena - Invented an early color television transmission system; Luis Von Ahn - Inventor of the anti-spam and web robot captcha Yes, colour television was invented by a Mexican: Guillermo Gonzlez Camarena. He was also inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2007. Guerrilla warfare was developed in Spain. He was the first to employ the idea of cryo-ultramicrotomy, which is used to section vitrified biological samples, and contributed to the electron microscope. 10 Awesome Latino Inventions. She also added co-inventor to her resume when she helped develop three patents in the field of optics. Over the centuries, many remarkable scientists have emerged from Spanish-speaking lands, cultures and ancestors. Show 4 more items. The erectile dysfunction drug, Viagra, on the other hand, was an accidental discovery. Ellen Ochoa (1958-present): First Hispanic Woman to Visit The Space; Top 10 Famous Hispanic Scientists #10. Do you have a favorite Hispanic inventor of your own? Here are some of the famous Hispanic inventors . He was made Minister of Science in the final year of the Marcos Prez Jimnez dictatorship and was forced to flee Venezuela in 1958 when the regime was abolished. Ochoa ended up in prisons in the USfor cross-border activities that violated USneutrality laws (he later escaped and was recaptured). She is known for her independent films and documentaries, including one about Alexander Graham Bell. . Modern scholars generally agree that "race . The Beauty blender was developed to save performers from having to be pulled off the set when using an airbrush to apply foundation mid-shoot. Called the "Enciclopedia Mecnica" (Mechanical Encyclopedia), she received several patents for the device. Most Americans at that time did not have indoor plumbing, central heating and electricity. The Three-Light Traffic Signal, Invented by Garrett Morgan in 1923. Have a comment about the web page you were viewing? Guatemalan-born Luis von Ahn created the CAPTCHA and reCAPTCHA systems for cyber security. Alejandro Campos Ramrez was a poet, publisher and inventor from Galicia who became known world-wide for his invention: table soccer or foosball. You may not know whatreCAPTCHAis, but you see it almost every time you sign into a new website. The Palmaz-Schatz Stent was given a patent, Johnson & Johnson, a healthcare provider, provided funding, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it. Plasma engine for rockets. Left: Victor Leaton Ochoa, inventor and Mexican revolutionary, undated, AC0590-0000008. The network that would later become Univision released this series of ads calling on "Hispanics" to fill out the 1980 Census. He received the US patent 2296019 on September 15, 1942, for his " chromscopic adapter for television equipment". Juan Lozano, a Mexican inventor with a lifelong obsession with jet packs, invented the Rocket Belt. This is done for security purposes to block out hackers and bots that may do damage. Year / period: 1871. Shereturned to the Discovery in 1999 to help perform the first shuttle docking to the International Space Station, and her final flight was on Atlantis in 2002. X-Ray microscope. Later, in a test with naval officials, it simulated an attack on a cruiser at night without being spotted and safely returned to port. In 1981, ALZA collaborated with the Swiss business Ciba-Geigy, and the FDA approved the first scopolamine transdermal delivery system for motion sickness, Transderm-Scop. According to the Smithsonian, Victor Ochoa had a reward of $50,000 offered for his delivery dead or alive to Porfirio Diaz, President of Mexico. Born in Guadalajara, Mxico, Guillermo Gonzlez Camarena was granted U.S. Patent 2,296,019 for a "Chromoscopic adapter for television equipment", an early color television transmission system. Philanthropist and entrepreneur Madam C.J. Top List of Mexican Inventors. Born in Uruguay, Alejandro Zaffaroni was one of the most innovative and impactful pioneers in the history of biotechnology. However, we'll use the official U.S. Census definition for this compilation of inventors, with no distinction made between U.S. citizens and non-U.S. citizens. She also added co-inventor to her resume when she helped develop three patents in the field of optics. Photo by Monica M. Smith. National Hispanic Heritage Month, held each year from September 15 - October 15, celebrates Hispanic cultures and heritage and recognizes the many contributions Hispanic Americans have made to this nation. The most recent biotech business formed by Zaffaroni is Alexza Pharmaceuticals. Here are a select few of some of the most notable. He died in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1999 at the age of 75. Ms. Mar-Spinola is currently serving her second term as a PPAC member. High-risk infants delivered before full-term gestation can benefit from this discovery by living longer in neonatal intensive care (NICU). It launched in 1888, leading to other countries to design and test similar submarines around the world. Walker, she manufactured beauty products for other African-American women using formulas she developed after working for a pharmacist who taught her chemistry. At the young age of 23, Mexican engineer Guillermo Gonzlez Camarena patented a system that would allow television to be viewed in color, instead of in black and white. Norton is a master of figuring out a new purpose for each discarded part. It could travel at max speeds of nearly eight knots and hold a crew of 12. In 1971, Villafaa left to set up rival company Cardiac Pacemakers Inc. to develop a cardiac pacemaker using a new lithium battery invented by engineer Wilson Greatbatch (who was featured in another 1996 Innovative Lives program). From birth control pills to color television, Mexican inventors have contributed to creating many notable inventions. ThoughtCo, Jul. Because Yahoo was struggling with automated spammers, he donated the technology to the company without charge. Gonzlez Camarena transmitted in color for the first time on August 31, 1946, from his lab at the Mexican League of Radio Experiments, located at Lucerna St. #1 in Mexico City. 11 Inspiring Famous Hispanic Scientists. While we commonly learn about imperative African-American figures like Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, Harriet Tubman, Maya Angelou, and many others, we don't often hear about the . Born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, William R. Cumpiano was granted U.S. Patent 5,333,527 for a "Compression Molded Composite Guitar Soundboard. Patents, including U.S. Patent 5,971,952 for a "Breast Pump System Using Wall Vacuum Source.". Jaime Escalante (1930-2010): The Best teacher in North America #9. Field: Botanist, Inventor and Teacher. Between the 15th of September and the 15th of October every year, Americans celebrate National Hispanic Heritage Month by honoring the histories, cultures, and accomplishments of Americans who have ancestors from Spain, Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. It successfully pumped blood through the body of the patient for nearly three days. Among many other scientific areas, he contributed to the development of electron cryomicroscopy, which uses superconductive electromagnetic lenses in electron microscopes to attain the highest resolution conceivable. At the age of 100, he was received at Buckingham Palace by King Edward VII. Her inventions now help NASA process information collected on missions. At that point, the government approved the NTSC television color standard. Chewing Gum. Dr. Liotta graduated from the National University of Cordoba in Argentina where he received his doctorate in Medicine and Surgery. Mara Gonzlez patented processes to diagnose invasive amebiasis, a parasitic disease that kills over 100,000 people each year. He created the "Instrumental Seismic Intensity" or "Arias Intensity" (AI) method in 1970. Thats why in the early aughts, Mexican scientist Jos Hernndez-Rebollar invented an electric glove that can turn sign language into spoken words and text. The recipient lived for 64 hours with the artificial heart before receiving a real one. Celebrate Albert Bez's invention by using cereal boxes and paper to make x-ray tablets, ripping up paper to make a skeleton arm, or by making . Photo by Sandy Schaeffer for NSF. Dr. Tang is named on 84 patents and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2018 for his co-invention of the OLED. Any references to data, third party rates, or products are subject to change without notice. Contents. Venezuelan Baruj Benacerraf won the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Jean Dausset and George D. Snell "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions. And there are two Argentinian Nobelists in Physiology or Medicine: Bernardo Houssay, co-winner with Carl and Gerty Corti in 1947 "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar," andCsar Milstein,who shared his award in 1984 with Niels K. Jerne and Georges J.F. Liotta belonged to several international medical associations throughout his life. However,more famously, Ochoa was the first Hispanic woman astronaut, participating in four space shuttle flights for a total of 978 hours in space. A laundry operation circa 1925 . From 2013 until 2018, Dr. Ochoa served as the director of NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Ellen Ochoa. These Hispanic women changed the world. I was surprised initially by the limited information available in peer-reviewed publications, credible online sources, and research data sets. These are some of their most notable names and contributions. Benjamin Valles of Chihuahua, Mexico, developed a system and a method for pre-forming cable for promoting adhesion to overmolding sensor body for Delphi Technologies Inc. Alejandro Zaffaroni (1923-2014) was a biotechnology pioneer. Before Ochoa was born, her family, originally from Mexico, relocated to California, where she was born and raised. The son of a renowned singer and educator, Garca eventually took work as a baritone singer. Guillermo Gonzlez Camarena invented an early color television system. Nikola Tesla, (born July 9/10, 1856, Smiljan, Austrian Empire [now in Croatia]died January 7, 1943, New York, New York, U.S.), Serbian American inventor and engineer who discovered and patented the rotating magnetic field, the basis of most alternating-current machinery. According toEncyclopedia Britannica, from 2013-to 2018, Dr. Ochoa worked as the director of NASAs Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX. Downing's design was the precursor for . One such device came from the mind of Emilio Herrera Linares, from Spain. We would like to know what you found helpful about this page. M. Gregorio Maran (1887-1960), doctor and researcher, . At just 64g, it weighs about as much as a large battery. The first nuclear research reactor in Venezuela, the RV-1, one of the first in all of Latin America, was put into operation under the direction of Fernndez-Morn in 1957. Currently, he is the Dean of the School of Medicine at the University of Morn in Argentina. Building engineers can design structures that are better able to resist seismic activity using the Arias Intensity Formula. Attacking Asian innovation. Garca retired from the Royal Academy of Music in 1895 at the age of 90. Occasionally, miracles can occur in neonatal intensive care units, but its developments in technology that have made it easier for premature babies to survive. Manuel Patricio Rodrguez Garca (1805-1906) was born on the 17th of March, 1805, in either Zafra in the Badajoz Province of Spain or Madrid. Angela Ruiz Robles (1895-1975) was a pioneer and inventor of the mechanical forerunner of the electronic book. Born to a family of health professionals in Panama, Murillo-Rohde studied .
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