It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. a - a mole that looks cancerous. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. It is typically consumed in pill form. Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). Loss of appetite. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. . Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Add a comment. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Thirst. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. B) the cause of the problem. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. 2. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Causes. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. . In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. Delusions. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. 3. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Fever. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. (credit: Laurie Avocado). that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Diarrhea. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington.
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